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Storage & Backups

Create Storage Pools

Although my current setup has changed over time I currently settled on the setup below.

Name Disks Type Description
rpool 2x 500GB SSD zpool mirror Host OS, LXC Templates, ISOs
nocow 2x 1TB NVMe LVM > LUKS > Linux Raid LVM PVE Storage for LXCs/VMs, Non-COW disks/volumes
blackmirror 6x 10TB HDD + 4x 18TB HDD + 2x 1TB NVMe + 1x 16GB Optane zpool + special + log Primary PVE Storage for all LXCs/VMs

Creation Commands

zpool10blackmirror

zpool create -o ashift=12 -o failmode=continue -O atime=off -O relatime=on \
-O checksum=on -O compression=zstd -O encryption=aes-256-gcm -O keyformat=passphrase \
-O keylocation=prompt -O special_small_blocks=16K -O snapdir=hidden -O xattr=sa \
-m /storage/blackmirror blackmirror \
mirror \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD181KFGX-68AFPN0_4BK0RVSZ \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD181KFGX-68AFPN0_4YGUS20H \
mirror \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD181KFGX-68AFPN0_4YGUS4AH \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD181KFGX-68AFPN0_5DJ20PAV \
mirror \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD100EMAZ-00WJTA0_2YK0HL0D \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD100EMAZ-00WJTA0_JEK53ZHN \
mirror \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD100EMAZ-00WJTA0_2YK148SD \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD100EMAZ-00WJTA0_JEK6ESAN \
mirror \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD100EMAZ-00WJTA0_JEKH3DVZ \
  /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD100EMAZ-00WJTA0_JEKH8RWZ \
special mirror \
  /dev/disk/by-id/nvme-PC401_NVMe_SK_hynix_1TB_MN8BN16291080BN2A \
  /dev/disk/by-id/nvme-PC401_NVMe_SK_hynix_1TB_MN8BN16291080BN46 \
log \
  /dev/disk/by-id/nvme-INTEL_MEMPEK1W016GA_PHBT72350AVD016D
  • -o ashift=12 zpool property: use 4k blocks
  • -o failmode=continue zpool property: keep reading if a drive goes bad in pool
  • -O atime=off root filesystem: disable updatnig access time for files when they are read
  • -O relatime=on root filesystem: enable relatime (relative access time)
  • -O checksum=on root filesystem: enable checksum used to verify data integrity
  • -O compression=zstd root filesystem: use zstd compression
  • -O encryption=aes-256-gcm root filesystem: use fast/secure encryption algorithm
  • -O keyformat=passphrase root filesystem: unlock with a passphrase
  • -O keylocation=prompt root filesystem: prompt for key
  • -O special_small_blocks=16K root filesystem: 16k threshold block size for including small file blocks into the special allocation class
  • -O snapdir=hidden root filesystem: hide .zfs snapshots directory
  • -O xattr=sa root filesystem: Enable system attributes for extended attributes
  • -m /storage/blackmirror root filesystem: mount point for the root dataset

nocow

tbd
  • attr description

Setup ZFS Scrub (Data Integrity)

Automate ZFS scrubbing so the data integrity on disks is actively monitored, repaired if necessary, and I'm alerted if there is a problem with my disks.

Create systemd Service/Timer (source)

Create a simple systemd service template for scrubbing ZFS pools.

# /etc/systemd/system/zpool-scrub@.service
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Scrub ZFS Pool
+ Requires=zfs.target
+ After=zfs.target
+
+ [Service]
+ Type=oneshot
+ ExecStartPre=-/usr/sbin/zpool scrub -s %I
+ ExecStart=/usr/sbin/zpool scrub %I

Then create a systemd timer template for periodically running that service. I am running the scrub weekly, but semi-monthly or monthly would almost certainly be ok too.

# /etc/systemd/system/zpool-scrub@.timer
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Scrub ZFS pool weekly
+
+ [Timer]
+ OnCalendar=weekly
+ Persistent=true
+
+ [Install]
+ WantedBy=timers.target

Enable ZFS Scrub

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now zpool-scrub@rpool.timer
systemctl enable --now zpool-scrub@blackmirror.timer

Setup Storage Layout

I wanted to logically device my storage pool up into datasets based on their intended usage. This allows me to tweak their paramters if needed and have different snapshot/backup policies.

  • zpool10/backups place to store disk and time machine backups
  • zpool10/downloads storage for downloads
  • zpool10/downloads/incomplete landing zone for incomplete downloads (recordsize=1M for bittorrent)
  • zpool10/media storage for audio/tv/movies
  • zpool10/proxmox additional storage for proxmox
  • zpool10/proxmox/backups backup for proxmox instances (in subdirectories by hostname)
  • zpool10/services storage for services (possibly databases, so use recordsize=16k)
zfs create zpool10/backups
zfs create zpool10/downloads
zfs create -o recordsize=16K zpool10/downloads/incomplete
zfs create zpool10/media
zfs create zpool10/proxmox
zfs create zpool10/proxmox/backups
zfs create -o recordsize=16K zpool10/services

Setup Sanoid/Syncoid (Data Backup)

Run Sanoid for automating snapshots and Syncoid for remote backups. Unfortunately this isn't available in repositories so you have to build it yourself. However the author makes it fairly simple.

Install (source)

apt-get install debhelper libcapture-tiny-perl libconfig-inifiles-perl pv lzop mbuffer
sudo git clone https://github.com/jimsalterjrs/sanoid.git
cd sanoid
ln -s packages/debian .
dpkg-buildpackage -uc -us
apt install ../sanoid_*_all.deb

Configure Sanoid

I want to take hourly snapshots of both of my ZFS pools because sometimes I am not as careful or thoughtful as I should be about what I am doing at any given moment. But I don't want to snapshot zpool/backups because it is a backup destination that will likely already have snapshots (rpool snapshots are stored there for example) and I also don't want to snapshot zpool/downloads because there is nothing important under there and it is likely to change frquently.

# /etc/sanoid/sanoid.conf
+ [template_proxmox]
+         frequently = 0
+         hourly = 24
+         daily = 7
+         weekly = 4
+         monthly = 1
+         yearly = 0
+         autosnap = yes
+         autoprune = yes
+ 
+ [rpool]
+         use_template = template_proxmox
+         process_children_only = yes
+         recursive = yes
+         
+ [rpool/ROOT]
+         use_template = rpool
+         process_children_only = yes
+         recursive = yes
+ 
+ [rpool/data]
+         use_template = template_proxmox
+         weekly = 1
+         monthly = 1
+         process_children_only = yes
+         recursive = yes

Maybe this is a sin, but I'd like my snapshots to be in local time so I don't have to do the (admittedly simple) conversion in my head.

# /usr/lib/systemd/system/sanoid.service
  [Service]
- Environment=TZ=UTC
+ Environment=TZ=EST

Eanble Sanoid

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now sanoid.service

Configure Syncoid

Backup rpool to zpool10/proxmox/backups/blackbox

Right now rpool is just running on a single non-redundant 512GB SSD disk. Even though it is only used for Proxmox (config, templates, ISOs) this isn't great practice and I'll work on this in the future. But in the meantime I am backing up everything on a daily timer to my main ZFS pool so I could recover very quickly if the SSD dies.

# /etc/systemd/system/rpool-backup.timer
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Backup rpool daily
+
+ [Timer]
+ OnCalendar=daily
+ Persistent=true
+
+ [Install]
+ WantedBy=timers.target

# /etc/systemd/system/rpool-backup.service
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Use syncoid to backup rpool to zpool10/proxmox/backups/blackbox
+ Requires=zfs.target
+ After=zfs.target
+
+ [Service]
+ Type=oneshot
+ ExecStart=/usr/sbin/syncoid --force-delete --recursive rpool zpool10/proxmox/backups/blackbox/rpool
Backup zpool10/services offsite

All my docker containers store their configuration and data under the zpool10/services dataset. It is imperative this is backed up offsite so if anything catastrophic ever happens I don't lose anything important and can get back up and running as quickly as I can download my backup.

# /etc/systemd/system/zpool10-services-backup.timer
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Backup zpool10/services daily
+
+ [Timer]
+ OnCalendar=daily
+ Persistent=true
+
+ [Install]
+ WantedBy=timers.target

# /etc/systemd/system/zpool10-services-backup.service
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Use syncoid to backup zpool10/services to backedup.swigg.net:bpool/zpool10/services
+ Requires=zfs.target
+ After=zfs.target
+
+ [Service]
+ Type=oneshot
+ ExecStart=/usr/sbin/syncoid --force-delete --recursive zpool10/services root@backedup.swigg.net:bpool/zpool10/services

Enable Syncoid

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now rpool-backup.timer

Setup Restic to Backblaze B2 (Data Backup)

Read more about setting up Restic at https://fedoramagazine.org/automate-backups-with-restic-and-systemd/

Setup Restic Backup

Create the .service and .timer for the backup service so that it runs everyday.

# /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Restic backup service
+ 
+ [Service]
+ Type=oneshot
+ ExecStart=restic backup --verbose --tag systemd.timer $BACKUP_EXCLUDES $BACKUP_INCLUDES $BACKUP_PATHS
+ ExecStartPost=restic forget --verbose --tag systemd.timer --group-by "paths,tags" --keep-daily $RETENTION_DAYS --keep-weekly $RETENTION_WEEKS --keep-monthly $RETENTION_MONTHS --keep-yearly $RETENTION_YEARS
+ EnvironmentFile=/etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service.d/restic-backup.conf

# /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.timer
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Backup with restic daily
+ 
+ [Timer]
+ OnCalendar=daily
+ Persistent=true
+ 
+ [Install]
+ WantedBy=timers.target

# /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service.d/restic-backup.conf
+ BACKUP_PATHS="/storage/zpool10"
+ BACKUP_EXCLUDES="--exclude-file /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service.d/restic-excludes.txt --exclude-if-present .exclude_from_backup"
+ BACKUP_INCLUDES="--files-from /etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service.d/restic-includes.txt"
+ RETENTION_DAYS=7
+ RETENTION_WEEKS=4
+ RETENTION_MONTHS=6
+ RETENTION_YEARS=3
+ B2_ACCOUNT_ID=xxx
+ B2_ACCOUNT_KEY=xxx
+ RESTIC_REPOSITORY=b2:swigg-backup-blackbox:storage/zpool10
+ RESTIC_PASSWORD=xxx

Setup Restic Prune

The backup command above forgets about files when they expire, but to actually delete them once they aren't referenced anymore you need to prune them. The following creates a .service and .timer for a prune job to be run every month.

# /etc/systemd/system/restic-prune.service
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Restic backup service (data pruning)
+ 
+ [Service]
+ Type=oneshot
+ ExecStart=restic prune
+ EnvironmentFile=/etc/systemd/system/restic-backup.service.d/restic-backup.conf

# /etc/systemd/system/restic-prune.timer
+ [Unit]
+ Description=Prune data from the restic repository monthly
+ 
+ [Timer]
+ OnCalendar=monthly
+ Persistent=true
+ 
+ [Install]
+ WantedBy=timers.target
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